Spelling Rules

Phonic Generalizations

1. When there are two vowel side by side, the long sound of the first one is heard and the second is usually silent.

2. When a vowel is in the middle of a one-syllable word, the vowel is short.

3. If the only vowel letter is at the end of a word, the letter usually stands for the long sound.

4.When there are two vowels, one of which is final e, the first vowel is long and the e is silent.

5. The r gives preceding vowel a sound that is neither long nor short.

6. The first vowel is usually long and the second silent in the digraphs ai, ea, oa, ui.

7. In the phonogram ie, the i is silent and the e has a long sound. 

8. Words having double e usually have the long e sound.

9. When words end with silent e. the preceding a or i is long.

10. In ay the y is silent and gives a its long sound.

11. When the letteri is followed by the letters gh, the i usually stands for its long sound and the gh is silent.

12. When a follows w in a word, it usually has the sound a as in was.

13. When e is followed by w, the vowel sound is the same as represented oo.

14. The two letters ow make the long o sound.

15. W is sometimes a vowel and follows the vowel digraph rule.

16. When y is the final letter in a word, it usually has a vowel sound.

17. When y is used as a vowel in words, it sometimes has the sound of long i.

18. The letter a has the same sound

Short and Long Vowels
1. To spell a short vowel sound, only one letter is needed: at, hat, cup, jet

2. To spell a long sound you must add a second vowel. The second may be next to the first, in the VVC pattern (boat, maid, cue, etc.) or it may be separated from the first one by a consonant in the VCV pattern (made, ride, tide, etc.). If the second vowel is separated from the first by two spaces, it does not affect the first one. This is the VCCV pattern in which the first vowel remains short. Thus, doubling a consonant can be called "protecting" a short vowel because it prevents an incoming vowel from getting close enough to the first one to change its sound from short to long: 
          maid,  made,  but  madder;            dine,  diner,  but dinner.

Spelling the Sound /k/

This sound can be spelled in any one of four ways:

1. c     2. cc     3. k        4. ck

1. The single letter, c , is the most common spelling. It may be used anywhere in a word:

cat	corn	actor	victim	direct	mica
scat	bacon	public	cactus	inflict	pecan

2. Sometimes the letter c must be doubled to cc to protect the sound of a short vowel:

stucco	baccalaureate	hiccups
Mecca	tobacco	buccaneer
occupy	raccoon	succulent

3. The letter k is substituted for c if /k/ is followed by an e, i, or y.

kin	make	sketch	poker	kind	risky
skin	token	skill	keep	liking	flaky

(Boring examples? How about kyphosis, kylix, keratosis, and dyskinesia?)
4. Similarly, the spelling ck, is substituted for cc if the following letter is an e, i, or y:

lucky	picking	rocking	finicky
blackest	mackintosh	frolicked	ducking
Kentucky	picnicking	stocking	Quebecker

5. The letters, k and ck are more than substitutes for c and cc. They are used to spell /k/ at the end of a monosyllable. The digraph, ck, ALWAYS follows a short vowel:

sack

duck

lick

stick

wreck

clock

(Forget about yak. Your student will never need it.)

The letter, k, follows any other sound:

milk	soak	make	bark
tank	peek	bike	cork
tusk	hawk	duke	perk

The Sound, /j/
The sound, /j/ is spelled in three ways: j ge and dge.

1. The letter j is usually used if the sound if followed by an a, o, or u.

just	jam	jungle	injure	major	adjacent
jog	jar	Japan	jury	job	Benjamin
adjust	jacket	jolly	jaguar	jump	jalousie

2. Since the letter g has the soft sound of /j/ when it is followed by an e, i, or y, it is usually used in this situation:

gentle	ginger	aging	algebra
Egyptologist	gem	origin	gym

2. If /j/ follows a short vowel sound, it is usually spelled with dge. This is because the letter j, is never doubled in English.

badge	ridge	dodge	partridge	gadget
judge	edge	smudge	judgement	budget

The Sound, /ch/

The sound /ch/ has two spellings: tch after a short vowel, ch anywhere else:

witch	sketch	botch	satchel
catch	hatchet	kitchen	escutcheon

Exceptions:
Which, rich, much, such, touch, bachelor, attach, sandwich, and ostrich.

The Sound, /kw/
This sound is ALWAYS spelled with the letters, qu, never anything else.

Using -le

Words ending in -le, such as little, require care. If the vowel sound is short, there must be two consonants between the vowel and the -le. Otherwise, one consonant is enough.

li tt le	ha nd le	ti ck le	a mp le
bo tt le	pu zz le	cru mb le	a ng le

bugle

able

poodle

dawdle

needle

idle

people

Odds and Ends

1. The consonants, v, j, k, w, and x are never doubled.
2. No normal English words ends with the letter v. A final /v/ is always spelled with ve, no matter what the preceding vowel sound may be:

have	give	sleeve	cove
receive	love	connive	brave

Adding Endings

There are two kinds of suffixes, those that begin with a vowel and those that begin with a consonant. As usual, the spelling problems occur with the vowels:
 

Vowel Suffixes			Consonant Suffixes
- - - age	- - -ist		- - - ness	- - - cess
- - - ant	- - - ish		- - -less	- - -ment
- - -ance	- - -ing		- - -ly	- - -ty
- - - al	- - -ar		- - -ful	- - -ry
- - -ism	- - -o		- - -hood	- - -ward
- - -able	- - -on		- - -wise
- - -an	- - -ous
- - - a	- - -or
- - -es	- - -ual
- - -ed	- - -unt
- - -er	- - -um
- - -est	- - -us
- - -y	- - -ive

1. Words that end in the letter y must have the y changed to i before adding any suffix:

body - bodily	marry - marriage
many - manifold	family -  familiar
happy - happiness	puppy - puppies
beauty - beautiful	vary - various
company - companion	fury - furious
plenty - plentiful	merry - merriment

2. In words that end in a silent e you must drop it before you add a vowel suffix. The silent e is no longer needed to make the preceding vowel long as the incoming vowel will do the trick:

ride - riding	cure - curable	use - usual	age - aging
fame - famous	force - forcing	refuse -  refusal	slice - slicing
pure - purity	ice - icicle	nose - nosy	convince - convincing
globe - global	race - racist	pole - polar	offense - offensive

 3. Words that end in an accented short or modified vowel sound must have the final consonant doubled to protect that sound when you add a vowel suffix:

Quebec - Quebecker	remit - remittance	confer - conferring	refer - referred
upset - upsetting	shellac - shellacking	occur - occurred	concur- concurrent

Note that this doubling is not done if the accent is not on the last syllable. If the word ends in a schwa, there is no need to "protect" it.

open - opening	organ - organize
focus - focused	refer - referee

4. Normally you drop a silent e before adding a vowel suffix. However, if the word ends in -ce or -ge and the incoming vowel is an a, o, or u, you cannot cavalierly toss out that silent e. It is not useless: it is keeping its left-hand letter soft, and your a, o, or u will not do that. Thus:

manage - manageable	peace - peaceable
courage - courageous	revenge - vengeance
surge - surgeon	change - changeable
notice - noticeable	outrage - outrageous

Gorgeous George bludgeoned a pigeon noticeably! Tsk.

5. Adding consonant suffixes is easy. You just add them. (Of course you must change a final y to i before you add any suffix.)

peace - peaceful	harm - harmless	age - ageless
pity - pitiful	child - childhood	rifle - riflery

/sh/

When this sound occurs before a vowel suffix, it is spelled ti, si, or ci.

partial	cautious	patient	vacation
special	deficient	suspicion	suction
inertia	delicious	ratio	pension
musician	physician	optician	quotient
electrician	nutrition	statistician	expulsion

/ee/ before a vowel suffix

When /ee/ precedes a vowel suffix, it is usually spelled with the letter i:

Indian	obvious	medium
ingredient	zodiac	material

Spelling Determined by Word Meaning

1. Mist and missed sound alike, as do band and banned. To determine the spelling, remember that -ed is a past-tense tending.

1. The mist drifted into the harbor.
2. I nearly missed my bus.
3. The movie was banned in Boston.
4. The band played on.

2. The endings of dentist and finest sound alike. Deciding which one to use can be tricky. One rule helps but doesn't cover all cases:

1. --ist is a suffix meaning someone who does something:
      artist    -   machinist    -   druggist
2. --est is the ending used on superlative adjectives:
      finest    -   sweetest    -   longest

3. The sounds at the end of musician and condition sound alike. but....

1. cian always means a person, where...
2. tion or sion are never used for people.

4. How do you tell whether to use tion or sion?

1. If the root word ends in /t/, use -tion: complete, completion
2. If the root word ends in /s/ or /d/, use sion: extend, extension
   suppress, suppression
3. If the sound of the last syllable is the "heavy" sound of /zhun/ rather than the light sound, /shun/, use s: confusion, vision, adhesion

Exception: The ending, --mit becomes -mission:

permit - permission	omit - omission
submit - submission	commit - commission

The Hiss

1. The letter s between vowels sounds like a z:

nose	result	noise
present	partisan	tease
preside	resound	reserve

2. The light "hissy" sound is spelled with either ss or ce. Predictably, ss, like any proper doubled consonant, follows accented short vowels. Soft c is used anywhere else. (A soft c is one that is followed by e, i, or y).

notice	reticent	massive	bicycle
recent	gossip	russet	rejoice
essence	vessel	discuss	pass

3. The plural ending is always spelled with a single letter s unless you can hear a new syllable on the plural word. In that case, use -es:

loss, losses	bank, banks	twitch, twitches	tree, trees
box, boxes	list, lists	judge, judges

No compendium of spelling rules would be complete with the most important rule of all:
WHEN IN DOUBT, ASK (or look it up)


From http://www.dyslexia.org